Background and Objective: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles are one of the most widely used nanoparticles that are widely used in various industries such as cosmetics, paint, paper, and pharmaceutical products. These nanoparticles can enter the body through various routes such as skin, breathing and digestion and have a side effect on body tissues including the reproductive system. The aim of this study is to evaluate natural antioxidants against titanium nanoparticle induced testis damage.
Search Method: A review paper was carried out in 2023 about protective products against titanium nanoparticle in testis. The keywords were titanium nanoparticle, antioxidants, testis, reproductive, toxicity, herbal, sperm, and nanoparticle from databases web of science, pubMed, scopus, elsevier, springer, google scholar, magiran, and iranmedex.
Findings: The result of this research showed that vitamin E (100 IU, 35 days), Nigella sativa (5 mg/kg, 7 days), chitosan (5 mg/kg, 14 days), morin (30 mg/kg, 5 weeks), ẞ-carotene (10 mg/kg, 60 days), thymol (10 mg/kg, 60 days), lycopene (5,20,40 mg/kg, 30 days), rutin (100 mg/kg, 30 days), N-acetyl cycteine (100 mg/kg, 12 weeks), thymoquinone (20 mg/kg, 6 weeks), curcumin (200 mg/kg, 7 days) are protective products in reducing titanium nanoparticle injury in the testis, epididymis, and prostate.
Conclusion: Titanium nanoparticles play an important role in oxidative stress. Antioxidant compounds seem to reduce testicular damage through the Nrf2-Ho1 signaling pathway and hormonal regulation through the effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Considering the frequency of use of titanium nanoparticles, further studies on the impact of these materials on human health and the environment play an important role in reducing the complications caused by it on human health.